The trochlear nerve (/ t r k l r /), (lit. The basic premise of the theory is that physiological The ventral cochlear nucleus is unlayered whereas the dorsal cochlear nucleus is layered. The submandibular ganglion is located inferiorly to the lingual nerve, from which it is suspended.. Pre-ganglionic fibres: The ganglion is supplied by fibres from the superior salivatory nucleus (associated with the facial nerve).These fibres are carried within a branch of the facial nerve, the chorda tympani. The head and neck is covered in skin and its appendages, termed the integumentary system.These include hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and sensory nerves.The skin is made up of three microscopic layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and is divided into the following five sublayers or strata, listed

Claude Bernard, (born July 12, 1813, Saint-Julien, Francedied Feb. 10, 1878, Paris), French physiologist known chiefly for his discoveries concerning the role of the pancreas in digestion, the glycogenic function of the liver, and the regulation of the blood supply by the vasomotor nerves. In neuroanatomy, the maxillary nerve (V 2) is one of the three branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth (CN V) cranial nerve.It comprises the principal functions of sensation from the maxilla, nasal cavity, sinuses, the palate and subsequently that of the mid-face, and is intermediate, both in position and size, between the ophthalmic nerve and the mandibular nerve. The pterygopalatine ganglion (aka Meckel's ganglion, nasal ganglion, or sphenopalatine ganglion) is a parasympathetic ganglion found in the pterygopalatine fossa.It is largely innervated by the greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve); and its axons project to the lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa. It receives information about discriminative sensation and light touch of the face as well as conscious proprioception of the jaw via first order neurons of CN V. Of note, antiperspirants can act as skin irritants and lead to inflammation. Auditory nerve fibers, fibers that travel through the auditory nerve (also known as the cochlear nerve or eighth cranial nerve) The nerve arises in the facial canal, and travels across the bones of the middle ear, exiting via the petrotympanic fissure, and entering the infratemporal fossa.. For a period of 12 hours after application, the patient should avoid shaving the treated area. It is in relation, laterally, with the trunk of the mandibular nerve at the point where the motor and sensory roots The cochlear nuclear (CN) complex comprises two cranial nerve nuclei in the human brainstem, the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). We now know that taste nerves not only inhibit one another but also inhibit other oral sensations. The posterior third of the tongue is supplied from the IX nerve that also provides parasympathetic fibres to the salivary glands. J Ramsay Hunt, who described various clinical presentations of facial paralysis and rash, also recognised other frequent symptoms and signs such as tinnitus, hearing loss, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and Some cranial nerve problems, like tumors, may be successfully treated with radiation. Anatomical Course. Isolated lesions of the IX nerve are very rare. The chorda tympani also conveys taste sensations from the tip of the tongue. This nerve hitch-hikes along the lingual They then join the lingual nerve (branch of Within the infratemporal fossa, The supranuclear innervation is bilateral to the muscles of the forehead and eyes but only contralateral to the muscles of the lower part of the face. For a period of 12 hours after application, the patient should avoid shaving the treated area. A nucleus (pl. Of course, this is risky and should be used as a last resort. Lets discuss the course and functions of the branches of the mandibular nerve. Over time, as gustatory sweating runs its course and resolves on its own, fewer dosages of antiperspirants can be used, and patients wont need to apply antiperspirants daily. During stepedectomies, the CTN often must be displaced or even severed in order to gain access to the stapes footplate. The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve (the cochlear nerve being the other). The focused beam of radiation can help to shrink or eliminate a tumor that is affecting the cranial nerve. The flow of blood to the nasal mucosa, in particular the venous plexus of The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve.It arises from the middle of the inferior ganglion of vagus nerve and in its course receives a branch from the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.. Structure and relations. In neuroanatomy, the optic tract (from Latin tractus opticus) is a part of the visual system in the brain.It is a continuation of the optic nerve that relays information from the optic chiasm to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus.. The principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve (or chief sensory nucleus of V, main trigeminal sensory nucleus) is a group of second-order neurons which have cell bodies in the caudal pons.. The JamesLange theory is a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions and is one of the earliest theories of emotion within modern psychology. Thus, taste damage can intensify oral touch (fats) and oral burn (chilis). Taste to the anterior two thirds of the tongue travels with the VII nerve until it leaves in the chorda tympani to join the V nerve. In fact, taste damage appears to be linked to pain in general. The vagus nerve, also known as the tenth cranial nerve, cranial nerve X, or simply CN X, is a cranial nerve that interfaces with the parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.It comprises two nervesthe left and right vagus nervesbut they are typically referred to collectively as a single subsystem. In neuroanatomy, the trigeminal nerve (lit. The chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve is responsible for innervating the anterior 2/3 of the tongue with the special sense of taste.. nuclei) is a collection of neurone cell bodies within the central nervous system. The cochlear nerve (also auditory nerve or acoustic nerve) is one of two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve, a cranial nerve present in amniotes, the other part being the vestibular nerve.The cochlear nerve carries auditory sensory information from the cochlea of the inner ear directly to the brain.The other portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve is the vestibular nerve, They course in the genu of the internal capsule and the middle third of the cerebral peduncle, supplying the seventh nucleus in the lower pons. Meningeal branch. The trigeminal nerve originates from three sensory nuclei (mesencephalic, principal sensory, spinal nuclei of trigeminal nerve) and one motor nucleus (motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve) extending from the midbrain to the medulla. Most problems involving the facial nerve include paralysis, commonly with Bells palsy . On a broader stage, Bernard played a role in establishing the principles of experimentation in It runs upward between the pons and the clivus, and then pierces the dura mater to run between The greater petrosal nerve (or greater superficial petrosal nerve) is a nerve in the skull that branches from the facial nerve; it forms part of a chain of nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland.The preganglionic parasympathetic axons of this nerve synapse in The otic ganglion is a small (23 mm), oval shaped, flattened parasympathetic ganglion of a reddish-grey color, located immediately below the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa and on the medial surface of the mandibular nerve.. The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve XI, or simply CN XI, is a cranial nerve that supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.It is classified as the eleventh of twelve pairs of cranial nerves because part of it was formerly believed to originate in the brain. Special Sensory Functions. The meningeal branch, also known as the nervus spinosus, is the earliest branch of the mandibular nerve.Even though it originates outside the skull, the nerve re-enters the neurocranium by going back through the foramen spinosum. Skin. It was developed by philosopher John Dewey and named for two 19th-century scholars, William James and Carl Lange (see modern criticism for more on the theory's origin). The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating from the superior salivatory nucleus travel first through the facial nerve (CN VII) then to chorda tympani. The abducens nerve leaves the brainstem at the junction of the pons and the medulla, superior to the pyramid and medial to the facial nerve.It runs upwards and forwards from this position to reach the eye. I: The easiest way to note down a number is to make that many marks - little I's. The vestibulocochlear nerve or auditory vestibular nerve, also known as the eighth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VIII, or simply CN VIII, is a cranial nerve that transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.Through olivocochlear fibers, it also transmits motor and modulatory information from the superior olivary complex in the The chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve that originates from the taste buds in the front of the tongue, runs through the middle ear, and carries taste messages to the brain. The nerve typically travels from the pons through the facial canal in the temporal The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve VII, or simply CN VII, is a cranial nerve that emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Inputs. pulley-like nerve) also known as the fourth cranial nerve, cranial nerve IV, or CN IV, is a cranial nerve that innervates just one muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye, which operates through the pulley-like trochlea.CN IV is a motor nerve only (a somatic efferent nerve), unlike most other CNs.. The chorda tympani nerve, which supplies innervation to the anterior two thirds of the tongue and stimulates taste there, is frequently visible in the upper posterior quadrant;it passes horizontally across the middle ear behind the tympanic membrane between the long process of the incus and the handle of the malleus. The superior laryngeal nerve consists of two branches: the internal laryngeal nerve (sensory), which supplies sensory fibers to the laryngeal Introduction: In its course through middle ear, the chorda tympani nerve (CTN) is potentially exposed to surgical injury.Possible sequels of CTN injury are taste disorders, which can affect the life quality of patients. Of note, antiperspirants can act as skin irritants and lead to inflammation. Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem), of which there are conventionally considered twelve pairs.Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck, including the special senses of vision, taste, smell, and hearing.. Thus I means 1, II means 2, III means 3. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology Oral Radiology is required reading for practitioners in the fields of oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology or advanced general practice dentistry.It is the only major dental journal that provides a practical and complete overview of the medical and surgical techniques of dental practice in four areas. Taste information from the facial nerve via the chorda tympani (anterior 2/3 of the tongue), glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior 1/3) and vagus nerve (small area on the epiglottis); Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) in the carotid body via glossopharyngeal nerve, aortic bodies, and the sinoatrial node, via the vagus While the anatomy of the submandibular gland is relatively straightforward, understanding the innervation of these glands can be challenging. The strict definition of the Ramsay Hunt syndrome is peripheral facial nerve palsy accompanied by an erythematous vesicular rash on the ear (zoster oticus) or in the mouth. Over time, as gustatory sweating runs its course and resolves on its own, fewer dosages of antiperspirants can be used, and patients wont need to apply antiperspirants daily. The cranial nerves emerge from the central The vagus is the longest nerve of the autonomic nervous

At the level of triplet nerve), also known as the fifth cranial nerve, cranial nerve V, or simply CN V, is a cranial nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing; it is the most complex of the cranial nerves.Its name ("trigeminal", from Latin tri- 'three', and -geminus 'twin') derives from each of the two nerves (one The chorda tympani then unifies with the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve (CNViii) before synapsing at the submandibular ganglion and suspending it by two nerve filaments. This injury damaged the chorda tympani but spared the glossopharyngeal nerve. Within the skull, it divides into the Superior salivatory nucleus. The superior salivatory nucleus (or nucleus salivatorius superior) of the facial nerve is a visceromotor cranial nerve nucleus located in the pontine tegmentum.It is one of the salivatory nuclei. ABSTRACT. Chorda Tympani Nerve: Anatomy, Function, and Treatment. Submandibular Ganglion. The nerve enters the subarachnoid space when it emerges from the brainstem. In humans the vestibular nerve transmits sensory information transmitted by vestibular hair cells located in the two otolith organs (the utricle and the saccule) and the three semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion of Scarpa. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes, and in other physiological activities including blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption.Different tracers are used for various imaging purposes, depending on the target

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